Webculture and other social cleavages [21, 23, 34]. (…) Negative externalities are assumed to be unlikely because of the moderating influence of crosscutting ties [20, 26, 29]. Babaei et al., 2012. P. 121 Unlike bonding and bridging social capital which basically stress horizontal relationships, linking social capital represents the vertical WebReligious Cleavage in Iran Unlike other core countries, political participation in Iran is not through political parties but religious institutions. Therefore, political participation opportunities are extremely limited in Iran. In fact, such participation is specifically controlled by a small group of religious leaders who believe in Shi’ism.
Cleavages in Iran by Jor Torres - Prezi
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